The completion behaviour of registered apprentices in Canada: who continues, who quits, and who completes programs?

Laporte, Christine; Mueller, Richard E

doi:10.1186/1877-6345-5-1

Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 4 Multinomial probit estimates for long-term continuers, completers, and discontinuers, 2007

From: The completion behaviour of registered apprentices in Canada: who continues, who quits, and who completes programs?

	(1)			(2)			(3)
	LTCs	Compl.	Disc.	LTCs	Compl.	Disc.	LTCs	Compl.	Disc.
Male	0.040 ***	-0.105 ***	0.065 ***	-0.025 ***	0.051 *	-0.025	-0.025 **	0.050	-0.025
Male	[0.011]	[0.014]	[0.006]	[0.008]	[0.028]	[0.026]	[0.010]	[0.033]	[0.028]
Age in 2007	-0.038 ***	0.046 ***	-0.008 ***	-0.040 ***	0.050 ***	-0.010 ***	-0.035 ***	0.046 ***	-0.011 ***
Age in 2007	[0.003]	[0.004]	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.005]	[0.003]	[0.001]	[0.003]	[0.003]
Age2/1000	0.442 ***	-0.554 ***	0.112 ***	0.467 ***	-0.597 ***	0.131 ***	0.417 ***	-0.556 ***	0.140 ***
Age2/1000	[0.030]	[0.054]	[0.028]	[0.029]	[0.059]	[0.033]	[0.011]	[0.037]	[0.032]
Marital status at end (married)
Divorced	0.030	-0.081 ***	0.051 ***	0.029	-0.076 **	0.047 ***	0.027	-0.075 ***	0.048 ***
Divorced	[0.023]	[0.025]	[0.0064]	[0.024]	[0.031]	[0.010]	[0.022]	[0.028]	[0.009]
Single	-0.024 **	-0.025 ***	0.048 ***	-0.027 ***	-0.019 **	0.045 ***	-0.028 ***	-0.016 **	0.044 ***
Single	[0.0092]	[0.007]	[0.003]	[0.010]	[0.008]	[0.003]	[0.009]	[0.007]	[0.002]
Nb of children <18	0.042 ***	-0.046 ***	0.004 ***	0.043 ***	-0.047 ***	0.004 ***	0.042 ***	-0.045 ***	0.003 ***
Nb of children <18	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.001]	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.001]	[0.002]	[0.003]	[0.001]
Aboriginal	0.059 ***	-0.086 ***	0.027 ***	0.054 ***	-0.076 ***	0.023 ***	0.055 ***	-0.075 ***	0.020 ***
Aboriginal	[0.017]	[0.012]	[0.008]	[0.018]	[0.015]	[0.007]	[0.015]	[0.001]	[0.008]
Visible minorities	0.071 ***	-0.055 ***	-0.016	0.075 **	-0.070 ***	-0.005	0.069 ***	-0.062 ***	-0.008
Visible minorities	[0.024]	[0.009]	[0.017]	[0.031]	[0.022]	[0.012]	[0.027]	[0.019]	[0.008]
Immigrant	0.005	0.002	-0.006 ***	0.008	-0.002	-0.006 ***	-0.001	0.014	-0.013 *
Immigrant	[0.012]	[0.012]	[0.002]	[0.012]	[0.013]	[0.002]	[0.010]	[0.011]	[0.008]
Immigrant father	0.022 **	-0.020 **	-0.002	0.024 ***	-0.021 ***	-0.003	0.025 ***	-0.022 ***	-0.003
Immigrant father	[0.009]	[0.009]	[0.009]	[0.009]	[0.007]	[0.009]	[0.008]	[0.006]	[0.007]
Immigrant mother	-0.003	-0.007 *	0.010	-0.001	-0.008 **	0.010	0.001	-0.008	0.007
Immigrant mother	[0.016]	[0.004]	[0.015]	[0.017]	[0.0039]	[0.016]	[0.017]	[0.005]	[0.014]
Disability at beginning	0.086 ***	-0.101 ***	0.015	0.086 ***	-0.105 ***	0.019	0.072 ***	-0.091 ***	0.019
Disability at beginning	[0.013]	[0.024]	[0.013]	[0.016]	[0.029]	[0.015]	[0.015]	[0.028]	[0.015]
Education (high school)
Less than high school	0.063 ***	-0.081 ***	0.018 **	0.062 ***	-0.086 ***	0.024 ***	0.061 ***	-0.084 ***	0.023 ***
Less than high school	[0.017]	[0.020]	[0.008]	[0.019]	[0.023]	[0.009]	[0.020]	[0.024]	[0.009]
Trade-vocational	-0.001	0.012	-0.011	0.005	0.000	-0.005	0.003	0.003	-0.005
Trade-vocational	[0.024]	[0.030]	[0.009]	[0.022]	[0.025]	[0.007]	[0.018]	[0.021]	[0.008]
College	-0.010	-0.001	0.012	-0.011 **	0.004	0.007	-0.007	-0.001	0.008
College	[0.006]	[0.012]	[0.008]	[0.005]	[0.007]	[0.007]	[0.005]	[0.005]	[0.006]
University	-0.021	0.015	0.006	-0.030 *	0.031 **	-0.001	-0.029 **	0.027 ***	0.002
University	[0.016]	[0.013]	[0.006]	[0.017]	[0.015]	[0.004]	[0.014]	[0.010]	[0.006]
Unknown	0.203 **	-0.141 **	-0.062	0.234 **	-0.179 ***	-0.055	0.211 ***	-0.158 ***	-0.054
Unknown	[0.093]	[0.071]	[0.039]	[0.092]	[0.067]	[0.043]	[0.081]	[0.053]	[0.040]
Number of years in program (4 years)
Less than 1 year	-0.034	-0.543 ***	0.577 ***	-0.043 *	-0.563 ***	0.607 ***	-0.014	-0.542 ***	0.555 ***
Less than 1 year	[0.023]	[0.009]	[0.025]	[0.022]	[0.012]	[0.019]	[0.031]	[0.014]	[0.030]
1 year	-0.004	-0.419 ***	0.422 ***	-0.008	-0.457 ***	0.465 ***	0.011	-0.439 ***	0.428 ***
1 year	[0.036]	[0.024]	[0.030]	[0.035]	[0.024]	[0.021]	[0.042]	[0.022]	[0.030]
2 years	0.007	-0.234 ***	0.226 ***	0.006	-0.251 ***	0.246 ***	0.013	-0.245 ***	0.232 ***
2 years	[0.017]	[0.014]	[0.013]	[0.018]	[0.017]	[0.011]	[0.021]	[0.018]	[0.012]
3 years	0.006	-0.076 ***	0.069 ***	0.005	-0.082 ***	0.076 ***	0.006	-0.079 ***	0.073 ***
3 years	[0.007]	[0.020]	[0.020]	[0.008]	[0.014]	[0.016]	[0.007]	[0.016]	[0.018]
5 years	0.073 **	-0.090 ***	0.017	0.073 **	-0.090 ***	0.017	0.063 ***	-0.083 ***	0.019
5 years	[0.030]	[0.021]	[0.020]	[0.029]	[0.018]	[0.019]	[0.023]	[0.012]	[0.018]
6-10 years	0.300 ***	-0.307 ***	0.007	0.299 ***	-0.307 ***	0.008	0.274 ***	-0.287 ***	0.013
6-10 years	[0.019]	[0.011]	[0.010]	[0.018]	[0.011]	[0.010]	[0.014]	[0.009]	[0.008]
11-15 years	0.422 ***	-0.449 ***	0.027 ***	0.421 ***	-0.449 ***	0.027 ***	0.394 ***	-0.430 ***	0.035 ***
11-15 years	[0.022]	[0.027]	[0.010]	[0.022]	[0.025]	[0.011]	[0.034]	[0.033]	[0.011]
16-20 years	0.381 ***	-0.434 ***	0.052 **	0.382 ***	-0.434 ***	0.052 **	0.349 ***	-0.407 ***	0.058 **
16-20 years	[0.041]	[0.023]	[0.026]	[0.040]	[0.022]	[0.026]	[0.054]	[0.033]	[0.028]
> 20 years	0.308 ***	-0.326 ***	0.018	0.303 ***	-0.325 ***	0.022	0.284 ***	-0.304 ***	0.021
> 20 years	[0.020]	[0.017]	[0.023]	[0.023]	[0.014]	[0.023]	[0.027]	[0.012]	[0.025]
Province (Ontario)
Newfoundland	0.167 ***	-0.234 ***	0.067 ***	0.148 ***	-0.229 ***	0.081 ***	0.457 ***	-0.476 ***	0.018
Newfoundland	[0.003]	[0.005]	[0.007]	[0.007]	[0.007]	[0.010]	[0.140]	[0.120]	[0.025]
Prince Edward Island	-0.138 ***	0.179 ***	-0.040 ***	-0.147 ***	0.194 ***	-0.047 ***	-0.072	0.116 **	-0.043 ***
Prince Edward Island	[0.002]	[0.005]	[0.003]	[0.001]	[0.003]	[0.004]	[0.047]	[0.051]	[0.006]
Nova Scotia	-0.075 ***	0.020 ***	0.054 ***	-0.080 ***	0.035 ***	0.045 ***	-0.005	-0.042	0.048 ***
Nova Scotia	[0.002]	[0.007]	[0.005]	[0.003]	[0.006]	[0.005]	[0.035]	[0.040]	[0.007]
New Brunswick	-0.090 ***	0.016 **	0.074 ***	-0.097 ***	0.032 ***	0.064 ***	-0.031	-0.033	0.064 ***
New Brunswick	[0.001]	[0.007]	[0.007]	[0.002]	[0.007]	[0.007]	[0.028]	[0.036]	[0.010]
Manitoba	-0.120 ***	0.066 ***	0.055 ***	-0.121 ***	0.061 ***	0.061 ***	-0.140 ***	0.090 ***	0.051 ***
Manitoba	[0.001]	[0.002]	[0.002]	[0.003]	[0.003]	[0.004]	[0.011]	[0.013]	[0.004]
Saskatchewan	-0.100 ***	0.052 ***	0.048 ***	-0.101 ***	0.054 ***	0.046 ***	-0.114 ***	0.070 ***	0.044 ***
Saskatchewan	[0.001]	[0.005]	[0.005]	[0.003]	[0.002]	[0.0051]	[0.013]	[0.012]	[0.004]
Alberta	-0.134 ***	0.054 ***	0.080 ***	-0.134 ***	0.055 ***	0.080 ***	-0.173 ***	0.096 ***	0.077 ***
Alberta	[0.003]	[0.002]	[0.003]	[0.008]	[0.008]	[0.003]	[0.025]	[0.028]	[0.006]
British Columbia	-0.057 ***	0.025 ***	0.032 ***	-0.072 ***	0.050 ***	0.022 ***	-0.056 ***	0.033 ***	0.023 ***
British Columbia	[0.003]	[0.001]	[0.002]	[0.006]	[0.004]	[0.003]	[0.004]	[0.004]	[0.002]
Territories	-0.051 *	-0.096 ***	0.147 ***	-0.064 ***	-0.064	0.129 **	-0.053 *	-0.085 **	0.138 **
Territories	[0.028]	[0.031]	[0.057]	[0.021]	[0.045]	[0.064]	[0.029]	[0.035]	[0.061]
Trade groups (Carpenter/cabinet maker)
Non-coded				-0.158 ***	0.184 ***	-0.026	-0.154 ***	0.181 ***	-0.028
Non-coded				[0.022]	[0.058]	[0.036]	[0.023]	[0.057]	[0.035]
Automotive service				-0.081 ***	0.107 ***	-0.026 **	-0.080 ***	0.104 ***	-0.025 **
Automotive service				[0.023]	[0.018]	[0.012]	[0.020]	[0.013]	[0.012]
Bricklayer/mason				-0.090 ***	0.116 ***	-0.026	-0.089 ***	0.118 ***	-0.029
Bricklayer/mason				[0.018]	[0.033]	[0.022]	[0.019]	[0.034]	[0.021]
Crane operator				-0.091 ***	0.172 ***	-0.081 ***	-0.086 ***	0.167 ***	-0.081 ***
Crane operator				[0.016]	[0.017]	[0.005]	[0.016]	[0.018]	[0.005]
Early childhood educator				-0.149 ***	0.174 ***	-0.024	-0.145 ***	0.176 ***	-0.031
Early childhood educator				[0.005]	[0.025]	[0.023]	[0.004]	[0.023]	[0.021]
Electrician				-0.084 ***	0.106 ***	-0.023	-0.082 ***	0.101 ***	-0.019
Electrician				[0.020]	[0.023]	[0.016]	[0.021]	[0.023]	[0.018]
Electronics				0.012	0.030	-0.042 ***	0.032	0.009	-0.041 ***
Electronics				[0.030]	[0.029]	[0.006]	[0.023]	[0.024]	[0.007]
Food service				-0.013	0.072 *	-0.059 ***	-0.012	0.068 *	-0.057 ***
Food service				[0.032]	[0.039]	[0.019]	[0.027]	[0.036]	[0.019]
Hairstylist - esthetician				-0.165 ***	0.274 ***	-0.109 ***	-0.166 ***	0.273 ***	-0.107 ***
Hairstylist - esthetician				[0.011]	[0.014]	[0.007]	[0.008]	[0.011]	[0.007]
Heavy duty equipment mechanic				-0.098 ***	0.138 ***	-0.040 ***	-0.095 ***	0.131 ***	-0.036 ***
Heavy duty equipment mechanic				[0.031]	[0.033]	[0.013]	[0.029]	[0.033]	[0.013]
Heavy equipment operator				0.237 *	-0.193 *	-0.044 ***	0.234 **	-0.183 **	-0.051 ***
Heavy equipment operator				[0.13]	[0.11]	[0.016]	[0.110]	[0.093]	[0.014]
Industry instrument technician				-0.033	0.024	0.009	-0.031	0.031	0.000
Industry instrument technician				[0.029]	[0.029]	[0.013]	[0.027]	[0.024]	[0.012]
Interior finish				0.033	0.009	-0.042	0.022	0.024	-0.046 *
Interior finish				[0.088]	[0.11]	[0.026]	[0.095]	[0.120]	[0.026]
Lather				0.001	-0.002	0.001	0.019	-0.009	-0.009
Lather				[0.035]	[0.031]	[0.017]	[0.028]	[0.024]	[0.019]
Machinist				-0.079 ***	0.100 ***	-0.022 **	-0.075 ***	0.091 ***	-0.017
Machinist				[0.016]	[0.012]	[0.011]	[0.012]	[0.009]	[0.012]
Metal worker (other)				-0.093 ***	0.139 ***	-0.047 ***	-0.089 ***	0.135 ***	-0.046 ***
Metal worker (other)				[0.010]	[0.021]	[0.018]	[0.012]	[0.023]	[0.017]
Millwright				-0.093 ***	0.140 ***	-0.047 ***	-0.085 ***	0.129 ***	-0.044 ***
Millwright				[0.022]	[0.022]	[0.007]	[0.020]	[0.021]	[0.010]
Other				-0.036 *	0.078 ***	-0.042 ***	-0.036	0.079 ***	-0.043 ***
Other				[0.018]	[0.019]	[0.010]	[0.024]	[0.023]	[0.010]
Partsperson				-0.137 ***	0.209 ***	-0.072 ***	-0.134 ***	0.204 ***	-0.070 ***
Partsperson				[0.012]	[0.0044]	[0.012]	[0.009]	[0.005]	[0.011]
Plumber/pipefitter/steamfitter				-0.102 ***	0.101 ***	0.001	-0.098 ***	0.097 ***	0.002
Plumber/pipefitter/steamfitter				[0.021]	[0.033]	[0.015]	[0.020]	[0.032]	[0.016]
Refrigeration & air cond. mechanic				-0.096 ***	0.107 ***	-0.011	-0.087 ***	0.096 ***	-0.009
Refrigeration & air cond. mechanic				[0.013]	[0.029]	[0.022]	[0.016]	[0.031]	[0.021]
Roofer				-0.053	0.018	0.035	-0.063	0.038	0.025
Roofer				[0.060]	[0.035]	[0.057]	[0.051]	[0.032]	[0.049]
Sheet metal worker				-0.044	0.0502**	-0.007	-0.033	0.041	-0.007
Sheet metal worker				[0.028]	[0.025]	[0.020]	[0.031]	[0.028]	[0.021]
Welder				-0.105 ***	0.163 ***	-0.058 ***	-0.100 ***	0.155 ***	-0.055 ***
Welder				[0.010	[0.014]	[0.010]	[0.009]	[0.014]	[0.010]
Peers in trade (no peers in trade)
Parents							0.021 ***	-0.002	-0.018 ***
Parents							[0.007]	[0.006]	[0.003]
Siblings							0.010	-0.003	-0.007 **
Siblings							[0.008]	[0.010]	[0.003]
Friends							0.016 *	-0.027 **	0.012 **
Friends							[0.009]	[0.013]	[0.005]
Co-workers							0.003	0.004	-0.007
Co-workers							[0.012]	[0.008]	[0.005]
Various backgroud/employment factors
Unemployment rate at end							-0.025 **	0.025 *	0.000
Unemployment rate at end							[0.013]	[0.013]	[0.002]
Youth apprenticeship program							0.049 ***	-0.048 ***	-0.001
Youth apprenticeship program							[0.010]	[0.006]	[0.008]
Trade in high school							0.003	-0.008	0.005
Trade in high school							[0.004]	[0.013]	[0.009]
Different language at home and work							0.017	-0.045 ***	0.028
Different language at home and work							[0.019]	[0.012]	[0.024]
Difficulty finding employer at start							0.003	-0.011	0.007
Difficulty finding employer at start							[0.012]	[0.014]	[0.007]
Union member at beginning							-0.027	0.009	0.018 ***
Union member at beginning							[0.018]	[0.020]	[0.006]
Journey person present always							-0.007 **	0.012 ***	-0.005
Journey person present always							[0.003]	[0.004]	[0.004]
Type of training (no training)
Long block release (>2 weeks/year)							-0.040 ***	0.091 ***	-0.051 ***
Long block release (>2 weeks/year)							[0.006]	[0.013]	[0.007]
Short block release (1-2 weeks/year)							0.019	0.026	-0.044 ***
Short block release (1-2 weeks/year)							[0.027]	[0.028]	[0.009]
Day release							-0.001	0.048 ***	-0.047 ***
Day release							[0.007]	[0.014]	[0.014]
Self-paced, distance ed., etc.							0.008	0.037 **	-0.045 ***
Self-paced, distance ed., etc.							[0.009]	[0.015]	[0.008]
Full-time/full-year (high school or college)							-0.031	0.044	-0.012
Full-time/full-year (high school or college)							[0.023]	[0.043]	[0.040]
Other training							-0.004	0.066 ***	-0.062 ***
Other training							[0.013]	[0.015]	[0.004]
Number of employers (1 employer)
2 employers							0.045 ***	-0.034 **	-0.011
2 employers							[0.008]	[0.016]	[0.009]
3 employers							0.051 ***	-0.043 **	-0.008
3 employers							[0.007]	[0.018]	[0.015]
4 employers							0.056 ***	-0.052 ***	-0.004
4 employers							[0.013]	[0.011]	[0.013]
>4 employers							0.047 ***	-0.028 ***	-0.019 **
>4 employers							[0.013]	[0.009]	[0.009]
Don't know # of employers							0.070	-0.183 ***	0.113 ***
Don't know # of employers							[0.051]	[0.030]	[0.028]
Firm size (less than 20)
20-99 employees							-0.020 ***	0.031 ***	-0.011
20-99 employees							[0.004]	[0.007]	[0.007]
100-499 employees							-0.001	0.020 ***	-0.018 **
100-499 employees							[0.007]	[0.004]	[0.009]
500 to 999 employess							-0.006	0.024	-0.018
500 to 999 employess							[0.025]	[0.021]	[0.011]
> 999 employees							0.012	0.003	-0.015
> 999 employees							[0.034]	[0.018]	[0.020]
Don't know size							0.207 ***	-0.228 ***	0.021
Don't know size							[0.027]	[0.041]	[0.018]
Observations		21939			21939			21939

Notes: Omitted variables are in parentheses. Standard errors in brackets. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1.

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