Table 2 Number of items, scale minimum and maximum, means, standard deviations and internal consistency of the measurements on each occasion
From: Determinants of competence development in accounting in upper secondary education
Predictor | n/min–max | t0 (N = 411) | t1 (N = 390) | t2 (N = 349) | t3 (N = 318) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M/SD/α | M/SD/α | M/SD/α | M/SD/α | ||
Student cognitive ability | |||||
 Accounting comp. (wbb) | t1: 53, t2–3: 34/−∞ to +∞ | −0.44/1.14/0.91 | 0.49/0.80/0.80 | 0.46/1.98/0.85 a | |
 Grades (grades) | 4 (t0: 3)/1–5 | 2.87/0.96/0.76 | 2.74/0.80/0.69 | 2.89/0.81/0.75 |  |
 Maths ability (Maths) | 40/0–75 | 51.39/10.76/0.79 |  |  |  |
Student self-concept | |||||
 Academic self-concept (asc) | 11/1–4 | 2.37/0.45/0.80 |  | 2.38/0.53/0.83 | 2.43/0.51/0.83 |
 Student learning strategies |  |  |  |  |  |
 Critical understanding (crt) | 4/1–6 | 14.62/3.82/0.70 |  | 14.21/3.78/0.65 | 14.28/3.91/0.70 |
 Establishing cognitive (eci) | 4/1–6 | 15.75/3.76/0.69 |  | 14.98/3.82/0.61 | 14.81/3.87/0.67 |
 Summarizing and material (sas) | 4/1–6 | 15.24/4.62/0.81 |  | 15.38/5.13/0.84 | 15.87/5.51/0.89 |
 Time management (time) | 4/1–6 | 14.55/5.22/0.87 |  | 13.06/5.37/0.86 | 12.89/5.20/0.86 |
 Social learning support (socs) | 4/1–6 | 15.86/3.42/0.62 |  | 16.13/3.58/0.62 | 16.14/3.59/0.66 |
Student motivational char. | |||||
 Intrinsic Regulation (intr) | 5/1–5 |  | 2.59/1.00/0.90 | 2.46/0.99/0.90 | 2.57/1.03/0.93 |
 Identified Regulation (ident) | 4/1–5 |  | 3.70/0.95/0.85 | 3.62/1.07/0.89 | 3.65/1.02/0.85 |
 Introjected Regulation (intro) | 4/1–5 |  | 2.73/0.89/0.70 | 2.77/0.88/0.70 | 2.83/0.91/0.72 |
 Extrinsic Regulation (extr) | 4/1–5 |  | 3.06/0.84/0.64 | 3.10/0.83/0.64 | 3.02/0.78/0.59 |
 School satisfaction (ssat) | 1/1–4 | 3.64/0.53/– | 3.23/0.71/– | 3.15/0.66/– |  |
 Willingness for effort (wfeff) | 4/1–6 | 13.53/3.59/0.68 |  | 12.75/3.77/0.66 | 15.44/4.31/0.72 |
Learning environment char. | |||||
 Competence support (comp) | 4/1–5 |  | 2.99/0.94/0.83 | 3.07/0.92/0.70 | 3.27/0.92/0.78 |
 Autonomy support (auto) | 5/1–5 |  | 3.23/0.97/0.86 | 3.26/1.00/0.86 | 3.54/1.00/0.88 |
 Relatedness support (relat) | 4/1–5 |  | 3.15/0.81/0.78 | 3.68/0.80/0.64 | 3.79/0.76/0.60 |
 Structure support (struc) | 8/1–5 |  | 3.43/0.70/0.81 | 3.58/0.78/0.85 | 3.74/0.74/0.85 |
 Classroom management (tol) | 3/1–5 |  | 2.99/0.77/0.73 |  | 2.63/0.86/0.69 |
 Cog. act. (ZPD, coak) | 2/1–5 |  | 2.56/1.04/0.64 |  | 2.57/1.03/0.74 |
 Cog. act. (understanding, coau) | 2/1–5 |  | 3.67/0.82/0.63 |  | 3.49/0.85/0.75 |
 Cog. act. (task analysis, taska) | 3/1–5 |  | 3.80/0.77/0.73 |  | 3.88/0.86/0.87 |