Determinants of competence development in accounting in upper secondary education

Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 6 Full conditional models of competence development in Accounting

Fixed Effects	Level 1 (within-student)		Level 2 (between-student)				Level 3 (between-class)
	Est.	p	Predicting initial status		Predicting growth		Predicting initial status		Predicting growth		R²	AIC	BIC
	Est.	p	Est.	p	Est.	p	Est.	p	Est.	p	%
M1: maths	na	na	0.09	0.032	−0.05	0.134	0.57	0.000	0.34	0.001	39	1091	1294
M2: grades	0.00	0.917	−0.28	0.000	−0.05	0.128	−0.40	0.001	−0.16	0.028	48	1085	1296
M3: asc	−0.02	0.634	0.04	0.458	0.02	0.647	0.11	0.461	−0.02	0.727	39	1095	1306
M4: ssat	0.02	0.478	−0.01	0.756	0.04	0.215	0.22	0.083	0.05	0.543	43	1093	1305
M5: intri	0.01	0.809	0.11	0.047	−0.03	0.509	0.09	0.681	−0.05	0.750	39	1095	1306
M6: wfeff	0.01	0.855	−0.01	0.692	−0.03	0.413	0.09	0.431	−0.02	0.737	39	1094	1305
M7: comp	0.07	0.027	−0.06	0.431	0.01	0.744	0.32	0.138	0.00	0.988	40	1094	1305
M8: auto	−0.02	0.625	0.05	0.418	0.01	0.714	0.27	0.089	0.02	0.899	40	1094	1305
M9: relat	0.05	0.191	−0.01	0.783	0.02	0.426	−0.01	0.965	0.05	0.624	39	1095	1306
M10: struc	−0.04	0.270	0.05	0.432	−0.03	0.369	0.35	0.000	0.12	0.036	47	1087	1298
M11: coak	0.04	0.087	−0.08	0.051	0.03	0.261	−0.03	0.854	0.01	0.937	39	1095	1307
M12: coau	0.02	0.402	−0.07	0.079	−0.01	0.727	0.41	0.000	0.25	0.000	39	1067	1279
M13: taska	−0.03	0.389	0.08	0.226	−0.01	0.775	0.31	0.060	0.10	0.059	49	1085	1296

Levels 1, 2, and 3 comprise time-varying predictors, time-invariant student variables and context effects, respectively. All models M1 to M2 include all level 1 and level 2 models, but only the class mean in mathematics and the class mean of the variable indicated in the model’s name. Italic values indicate significant at a level of 5 % error probability. Underlined italic values indicate significant at a level of 10 % error probability. Pseudo R² was calculated according to Singer and Willett (2003) by taking the square of the correlation between the observed WBB and the predicted WBB. Prediction was based on fixed effects only. See Table 2 for abbreviations