Supervisors and teachers’ influence on expectations on empowering leadership among students in vocational education and training

Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 4 Growth curve models in which ILT is predicted by time in VET, supervisors’ leadership, and teachers’ leadership

	Empty model		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	Par.	S.E.	Par.	S.E	Par.	S.E.	Par.	S.E.	Par.	S.E.
Fixed effects
Intercept	4.963 **	0.025	5.076	0.033	5.040**	0.035	5.033**	0.035	5.033**	0.035
Country			−0.254**	0.050	−0.248**	0.050	−0.227**	0.050	−0.226**	0.051
Time					0.139**	0.044	0.139**	0.044	0.140**	0.044
Supervisor leadership							0.058**	0.017	0.058**	0.018
Supervisor leadership * time							−0.027	0.030	−0.033	0.031
Teacher leadership									0.002	0.017
Teacher leadership * time									0.019	0.029
Random effects
Residuals	0.326	0.030	0.329	0.030	0.320	0.029	0.321	0.030	0.319	0.030
Intercept	0.227	0.035	0.207	0.035	0.212	0.035	0.205	0.035	0.206	0.035
Model specifics
Log likelihood	2213.1		2187.9		2178.2		2166.5		2167.1
AIC	2219.1		2195.9		2188.2		2181.1		2181.1
Diff log likelihood (diff df)			25.5**(1)		9.7** (1)		11.7** (2)		0.6 (2)

n = 744. Estimation method: maximum likelihood (ML). Wald tests for fixed effects and χ²-tests of diff log likelihood
** p < 0.01