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Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 4 Mixed-effects models

From: A mixed-methods study of physiological reactivity to domain-specific problem solving: methodological perspectives for process-accompanying research in VET

Parameter

Model 1: HR

Model 2: RMSSD

Model 3: LF/HF ratio

Model 4: SCL

Model 5: SCR

β

S.E. (β)

p

β

S.E. (β)

p

β

S.E. (β)

p

β

S.E. (β)

p

β

S.E. (β)

p

Fixed effects

 Intercept

−.137

.147

.366

.143

.235

.552

.026

.136

.849

−.384

.206

.082

−.100

.101

.333

Level 2

 Vocational experience

−.038

.177

.836

−.210

.285

.476

−.053

.136

.704

−.422

.229

.087

   

 General intelligence (IQ)

.126

.153

.425

−.009

.246

.971

−.088

.117

.465

      

 Self-efficacy beliefs

.107

.156

.504

−.259

.250

.323

.149

.119

.234

   

−.070

.091

.453

 BMI

−.179

.169

.311

.229

.273

.418

−.258

.128

.068

−.001

.240

.996

−.164

.098

.116

 Perceived stress, baseline

.278

.153

.094

.072

.246

.776

−.037

.120

.763

.149

.219

.509

−.231

.097

.032

Level 1

 Time from starting

.002

.001

<.001

−.001

.001

.192

−.0005

.001

.623

.004

.0004

<.001

.001

.0005

.061

 Goal elaboration and definition

.108

.016

<.001

.013

.010

.168

      

−.023

.020

.253

 Information seeking

   

.018

.011

.115

.009

.019

.643

      

 Information recording

.004

.015

.814

   

−.002

.016

.914

      

 Decision making

         

.005

.005

.288

.057

.020

.004

 Performing operations

   

.0003

.013

.984

.001

.020

.956

   

−.039

.026

.132

 Action control and reflection

−.010

.011

.343

            

 Vocational experience × goal elaboration and definition

−.168

.018

<.001

            

Random effects

 Random intercept variance

.337

.143

.018

.876

.379

.021

.151

.083

.069

.732

.280

.009

.138

.056

.013

Repeated measures

 AR1 diagonal

.531

.022

<.001

.466

.032

<.001

.814

.052

<.001

.128

.008

<.001

.750

.026

<.001

 AR1 ρ

.619

.016

<.001

.844

.011

<.001

.830

.011

<.001

.842

.010

<.001

.029

.031

.348

−2LL (null model/mixed-effects model)

7176.091/5245.875

6176.296/2580.303

7976.347/4446.509

3591.634/−1300.303

4736.776/4531.312

AIC (null model/mixed-effects model)

7180.091/5251.875

6180.296/2586.303

7980.347/4452.509

3595.634/−1294.303

4740.776/4537.312

BIC (null model/mixed-effects model)

7192.153/5269.868

6192.358/2604.296

7992.409/4470.502

3607.792/−1276.157

4751.758/4553.690

n (10-s intervals)

2985

2984

2984

3135

1744

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