Table 3 T-tests for the different learning opportunities

Without vocational training

6.44

11.80

9.28

With vocational training

7.18

13.14

9.93

p = .000

d = .41

p = .035

d = .352

p = .119

d = .231

Without course in economics as major

6.40

11.33

9.32

With course in economics as major

6.96

13.13

9.65

p = .001

d = .308

p = .000

d = .48

p = .387

d = .117

Standard upper secondary school

6.6

11.93

9.45

Secondary school specializing in economics

6.59

12.31

9.35

p = .463

d = − .05

p = .419

d = .099

p = .345

d = .035