Table 1 Construct overlap between types of behavioural regulation and value facets of task/test motivation

Intrinsic regulation: “the behavior is done simply for its inherent enjoyment or for fun”

Intrinsic value: “the enjoyment the individual gets from performing the activity”

Identified regulation: “involving acting from one’s own values or goals”

Utility value: “how well a task relates to current and future goals”

Introjected regulation: “internal, esteem-based pressures to act, such as avoidance of guilt and shame or concerns about self- and other-approval”

Attainment value: “the personal importance of doing well on the task” (self-related)

Extrinsic regulation: “reference to external authority, fear of punishment, or rule compliance”

Cost: “negative aspects of engaging in the task” (test anxiety, lost opportunities)