Table 2 Binomial logistic regression models including average marginal effects of VET school-leavers’ labor market outcomes (N = 6014).
From: The role of different types of skills and signals in youth labor market integration
Immediate entry | Horizontal match | Vertical match | Job security | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AME1 | (SE) | B | (SE) | AME | (SE) | B | (SE) | AME | (SE) | B | (SE) | AME | (SE) | B | (SE) | |
Self-rated skills | ||||||||||||||||
Specific skills | 0.033*** | (0.008) | 0.251*** | (0.060) | 0.103*** | (0.009) | 0.581*** | (0.054) | 0.056*** | (0.009) | 0.316*** | (0.053) | 0.041*** | (0.010) | 0.210*** | (0.053) |
Generic skills | 0.002 | (0.008) | 0.016 | (0.059) | − 0.040*** | (0.009) | − 0.226*** | (0.052) | − 0.013 | (0.009) | − 0.072 | (0.052) | − 0.008 | (0.010) | − 0.042 | (0.050) |
Educational signals | ||||||||||||||||
Apprenticeship at firm (no = ref.) | ||||||||||||||||
Yes | 0.207*** | (0.010) | 1.558*** | (0.083) | 0.177*** | (0.011) | 1.000*** | (0.064) | 0.085*** | (0.011) | 0.477*** | (0.064) | 0.213*** | (0.011) | 1.087*** | (0.060) |
Missing | 0.177~ | (0.098) | 1.331~ | (0.742) | 0.119 | (0.092) | 0.673 | (0.517) | 0.158 | (0.111) | 0.889 | (0.625) | 0.319*** | (0.085) | 1.626*** | (0.432) |
VET track (school − based = ref.) | ||||||||||||||||
Work-based track | 0.105*** | (0.014) | 0.788*** | (0.108) | 0.116*** | (0.015) | 0.656*** | (0.088) | 0.004 | (0.015) | 0.022 | (0.082) | 0.221*** | (0.014) | 1.127*** | (0.075) |
VET level (2 = ref.) | ||||||||||||||||
Level 3 | 0.071*** | (0.016) | 0.535*** | (0.118) | 0.102*** | (0.018) | 0.575*** | (0.101) | − 0.025 | (0.017) | − 0.143 | (0.097) | 0.070*** | (0.019) | 0.355*** | (0.099) |
Level 4 | 0.079*** | (0.015) | 0.593*** | (0.112) | 0.124*** | (0.017) | 0.701*** | (0.097) | 0.077*** | (0.017) | 0.437*** | (0.097) | 0.076*** | (0.019) | 0.385*** | (0.098) |
Average grad. grade | 0.003 | (0.009) | 0.025 | (0.067) | 0.031** | (0.010) | 0.173** | (0.059) | 0.028** | (0.010) | 0.156** | (0.059) | 0.021~ | (0.011) | 0.106~ | (0.056) |
Controls | ||||||||||||||||
Educational sector | ||||||||||||||||
Economics = ref. | ||||||||||||||||
Agriculture | − 0.037~ | (0.020) | − 0.282~ | (0.154) | 0.030 | (0.023) | 0.170 | (0.129) | 0.005 | (0.023) | 0.030 | (0.129) | − 0.039 | (0.026) | − 0.198 | (0.133) |
Technology | − 0.033* | (0.014) | − 0.252* | (0.103) | 0.098*** | (0.015) | 0.556*** | (0.088) | 0.036* | (0.015) | 0.206* | (0.087) | 0.029~ | (0.017) | 0.150~ | (0.085) |
Health care | 0.035** | (0.014) | 0.268** | (0.103) | 0.177*** | (0.015) | 1.001*** | (0.088) | 0.151*** | (0.016) | 0.853*** | (0.090) | 0.018 | (0.016) | 0.092 | (0.081) |
Social work | − 0.044** | (0.015) | − 0.332** | (0.114) | 0.073*** | (0.018) | 0.410*** | (0.100) | 0.041* | (0.018) | 0.232* | (0.102) | − 0.130*** | (0.022) | − 0.663*** | (0.111) |
Female | − 0.028* | (0.012) | − 0.209* | (0.088) | 0.006 | (0.013) | 0.035 | (0.075) | 0.007 | (0.013) | 0.037 | (0.076) | − 0.031* | (0.014) | − 0.160* | (0.074) |
Age | − 0.014*** | (0.003) | − 0.107*** | (0.020) | 0.004 | (0.003) | 0.024 | (0.018) | 0.010** | (0.003) | 0.058** | (0.018) | 0.003 | (0.003) | 0.017 | (0.017) |
Ethnic background | ||||||||||||||||
Native Dutch = ref. | ||||||||||||||||
Western | 0.034 | (0.024) | 0.260 | (0.178) | − 0.042~ | (0.025) | − 0.238~ | (0.144) | − 0.071** | (0.025) | − 0.398** | (0.141) | − 0.002 | (0.028) | − 0.010 | (0.145) |
Non-western | − 0.097*** | (0.017) | − 0.733*** | (0.132) | − 0.069** | (0.022) | − 0.389** | (0.123) | − 0.043~ | (0.022) | − 0.242~ | (0.124) | − 0.053* | (0.026) | − 0.272* | (0.130) |
Missing | − 0.022 | (0.059) | − 0.163 | (0.441) | 0.132~ | (0.080) | 0.747~ | (0.450) | 0.153~ | (0.088) | 0.865~ | (0.497) | − 0.051 | (0.073) | − 0.258 | (0.374) |
Parental educational background | ||||||||||||||||
Elementary = ref. | ||||||||||||||||
Lower secondary | − 0.024 | (0.038) | − 0.185 | (0.286) | − 0.047 | (0.043) | − 0.266 | (0.241) | 0.009 | (0.041) | 0.054 | (0.231) | − 0.013 | (0.046) | − 0.068 | (0.233) |
Upper sec. gen. | − 0.070~ | (0.040) | − 0.527~ | (0.305) | − 0.050 | (0.046) | − 0.282 | (0.260) | − 0.040 | (0.044) | − 0.227 | (0.248) | − 0.016 | (0.050) | − 0.080 | (0.253) |
Upper sec. VET | − 0.054 | (0.037) | − 0.409 | (0.280) | − 0.025 | (0.042) | − 0.140 | (0.238) | 0.038 | (0.040) | 0.214 | (0.227) | − 0.042 | (0.045) | − 0.216 | (0.229) |
Tertiary | − 0.075* | (0.037) | − 0.568* | (0.282) | − 0.025 | (0.042) | − 0.143 | (0.240) | 0.044 | (0.041) | 0.245 | (0.230) | − 0.028 | (0.045) | − 0.142 | (0.231) |
Missing | − 0.044 | (0.040) | − 0.330 | (0.303) | − 0.062 | (0.046) | − 0.351 | (0.257) | − 0.001 | (0.044) | − 0.004 | (0.247) | 0.010 | (0.049) | 0.053 | (0.250) |
Constant | 2.083** | (0.689) | − 3.649*** | (0.601) | − 3.126*** | (0.594) | − 3.272*** | (0.565) | ||||||||
Log likelihood | − 2517 | − 3189 | − 3212 | − 3471 | ||||||||||||