Table 2 Main effects from the multilevel predictive models

Accounting

Classroom-level (L2) effects

Mastery goal structure → Mastery goals

0.19 (0.16)

0.32 (0.23)

Mastery goal structure → Self-efficacy

0.02 (0.14)

0.07 (0.40)

Mastery goal structure → Practical relevance

0.63 (0.13) **

0.56 (0.08) **

Practical relevance → Mastery goals

0.10 (0.14)

0.17 (0.25)

Practical relevance → Self-efficacy

0.04 (0.12)

0.14 (0.41)

Individual-level (L1) effects

Mastery goal structure → Mastery goals

0.21 (0.07)**

0.18 (0.06) **

Mastery goal structure → Self-efficacy

0.16 (0.07)*

0.14 (0.06) *

Mastery goal structure → Practical relevance

0.64 (0.06) **

0.49 (0.04) **

Practical relevance → Mastery goals

0.30 (0.05)**

0.32 (0.05) **

Practical relevance → Self-efficacy

0.06 (0.06)

0.07 (0.07)

Business administration

Classroom-level (L2) effects

Mastery goal structure → Mastery goals

−0.04 (0.14)

−0.09 (0.27)

Mastery goal structure → Self-efficacy

−0.11 (0.19)

−0.22 (0.34)

Mastery goal structure → Practical relevance

0.77 (0.11) **

0.74 (0.06)**

Practical relevance → Mastery goals

0.39 (0.13)**

0.87 (0.26)**

Practical relevance → Self-efficacy

0.17 (0.19)

0.36 (0.36)

Individual-level (L1) effects

Mastery goal structure → Mastery goals

0.35 (0.07) **

0.31 (0.06) **

Mastery goal structure → Self-efficacy

0.06 (0.08)

0.05 (0.07)

Mastery goal structure → Practical relevance

0.63 (0.06) **

0.52 (0.04) **

Practical relevance → Mastery goals

0.14 (0.06) **

0.15 (0.06) **

Practical relevance → Self-efficacy

0.03 (0.07)

0.03 (0.07)

English

Classroom-level (L2) effects

Mastery goal structure → Mastery goals

0.36 (0.19)*

0.50 (0.23)*

Mastery goal structure → Self-efficacy

−0.00 (0.23)

−0.00 (0.36)

Mastery goal structure → Practical relevance

0.79 (0.18)**

0.58 (0.10)**

Practical relevance → Mastery goals

0.10 (0.15)

0.17 (0.26)

Practical relevance → Self-efficacy

0.08 (0.17)

0.17 (0.38)

Individual-level (L1) effects

Mastery goal structure → Mastery goals

0.34 (0.07)**

0.33 (0.07)**

Mastery goal structure → Self-efficacy

0.15 (0.10)

0.12 (0.07)

Mastery goal structure → Practical relevance

0.61 (0.06)**

0.52 (0.04)**

Practical relevance → Mastery goals

0.03 (0.06)

0.03 (0.07)

Practical relevance → Self-efficacy

0.06 (0.08)

0.05 (0.07)

German

Classroom-level (L2) effects

Mastery goal structure → Mastery goals

0.32 (0.24)

0.30 (0.22)

Mastery goal structure → Self-efficacy

0.04 (0.19)

0.07 (0.07)

Mastery goal structure → Practical relevance

0.80 (0.14)**

0.64 (0.08)**

Practical relevance → Mastery goals

0.26 (0.21)

0.32 (0.24)

Practical relevance → Self-efficacy

−0.07 (0.16)

−0.15 (0.36)

Individual-level (L1) effects

Mastery goal structure → Mastery goals

0.24 (0.08)**

0.20 (0.07)**

Mastery goal structure → Self-efficacy

0.08 (0.08)

0.07 (0.07)

Mastery goal structure → Practical relevance

0.77 (0.07)**

0.58 (0.04)**

Practical relevance → Mastery goals

0.21 (0.06)**

0.23 (0.07)**

Practical relevance → Self-efficacy

0.08 (0.07)

0.10 (0.08)

Mathematics

Classroom-level (L2) effects

Mastery goal structure → Mastery goals

0.23 (0.17)

0.32 (0.23)

Mastery goal structure → Self-efficacy

0.35 (0.17)**

0.72 (0.28)**

Mastery goal structure → Practical relevance

0.83 (0.16)**

0.67 (0.09)**

Practical relevance → Mastery goals

0.32 (0.13)*

0.57 (0.21)*

Practical relevance → Self-efficacy

−0.29 (0.14)*

−0.76 (0.27)*

Individual-level (L1) effects

Mastery goal structure → Mastery goals

0.26 (0.08)**

0.22 (0.07)**

Mastery goal structure → Self-efficacy

0.12 (0.08)

0.10 (0.07)

Mastery goal structure → Practical relevance

0.72 (0.07)**

0.56 (0.04)**

Practical relevance → Mastery goals

0.26 (0.06)**

0.29 (0.06)**

Practical relevance → Self-efficacy

0.02 (0.07)

0.03 (0.08)