How do the digital competences of students in vocational schools differ from those of students in cooperative higher education institutions in Germany?

Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 3 Intra-class correlations (ICC) und design effect for dependent variables of digital competence

	ICC₀	Design effect
Information and data literacy	0.09	3.02
Communication and collaboration	0.07	2.65
Digital content-creation	0.01	1.15
Safety	0.04	1.97
Problem solving	0.02	1.38

ICC₀ Intra-class correlations empty model (without independent variables), design effect according to formula “1 + (average size of Level 2 clusters − 1) * ICC₀”