Table 4 Descriptive statistics (2010–2016; 2011–2016 for percentages of employees per sector)

Average requirements profile

 Overall

37.77958

0.718916

36.15791

40.22382

N = 182

 Between

0.6202714

36.67223

39.52893

n = 26

 Within

0.3806011

36.5047

38.98127

T = 7

Academic requirements in language

 Overall

39.48141

1.862188

32.24052

43.65704

N = 182

 Between

1.782228

34.21083

42.61437

n = 26

 Within

0.6298416

36.77589

42.31539

T = 7

Academic requirements in mathematics

 Overall

35.28047

1.893371

29.36918

43.88929

N = 182

 Between

1.713335

31.31002

39.31008

n = 26

 Within

0.864086

32.29405

39.85969

T = 7

Academic requirements in science

 Overall

39.74382

1.683871

32.31897

43.70227

N = 182

 Between

1.573057

34.87237

42.25246

n = 26

 Within

0.6655398

37.19043

42.34876

T = 7

Academic requirements in foreign languages

 Overall

13.34942

1.158093

10.44164

16.71619

N = 182

 Between

1.103755

10.97519

16.06949

n = 26

 Within

0.4040901

12.06212

14.6211

T = 7

Overall success rate in VET

 Overall

0.917229

0.0384134

0.7585523

0.973747

N = 182

 Between

0.0369964

0.8280754

0.9650592

n = 26

 Within

0.012338

0.847706

0.9600205

T = 7

Success rate in dual VET

 Overall

0.9153385

0.0410322

0.7445512

0.973747

N = 182

 Between

0.039602

0.8200028

0.9650592

n = 26

 Within

0.0129351

0.8398869

0.9578846

T = 7

Academic education rate

 Overall

0.1946923

0.047578

0.1082677

0.3209726

N = 182

 Between

0.0465394

0.1309299

0.2963495

n = 26

 Within

0.013021

0.1438511

0.2423116

T = 7

Alternative academic education rate

 Overall

0.215695

0.0565057

0.122807

0.377293

N = 182

 Between

0.0546714

0.1389165

0.3396243

n = 26

 Within

0.0174072

0.1481207

0.2661766

T = 7

Percentage of immigrants

 Overall

0.2136943

0.0707061

0.0974253

0.4094976

N = 182

 Between

0.071356

0.1045613

0.4005796

n = 26

 Within

0.0087436

0.1908044

0.2321561

T = 7

Percentage of school-based VET (entries)

 Overall

0.0732393

0.1124353

0

0.4702395

N = 182

 Between

0.1111558

0

0.3948114

n = 26

 Within

0.0263756

− 0.0247664

0.2153434

T = 7

Percentage of school-based VET (stock)

 Overall

0.0824078

0.1196379

0

0.4606203

N = 182

 Between

0.1181228

0

0.416153

n = 26

 Within

0.0286839

− 0.0279075

0.1619444

T = 7

Percentage of graduates from compulsory education

 Overall

0.0109984

0.0011317

0.0076531

0.0146609

N = 182

 Between

0.0010228

0.0080837

0.0132621

n = 26

 Within

0.0005188

0.0091716

0.0129377

T = 7

Percentage of imputed values (dependent variable)

 Overall

0.1655358

0.029066

0.0887115

0.3107899

N = 182

 Between

0.027446

0.1233392

0.257132

n = 26

 Within

0.0107944

0.1309081

0.2191936

T = 7

Percentage of employees in agriculture

 Overall

0.0479598

0.028943

0.0003199

0.138199

N = 156

 Between

0.0293191

0.0005028

0.129715

n = 26

 Within

0.0024121

0.0406212

0.0564437

T = 6

Percentage of employees in production

 Overall

0.1660654

0.0572611

0.0700826

0.3032209

N = 156

 Between

0.0573165

0.0741173

0.2964161

n = 26

 Within

0.0099813

0.1277266

0.2037565

T = 6

Percentage of employees in other services

 Overall

0.3201441

0.052581

0.216515

0.430584

N = 156

 Between

0.0531009

0.2189658

0.4255397

n = 26

 Within

0.0060006

0.2907029

0.3345292

T = 6

Percentage of employees in construction

 Overall

0.0799431

0.0207528

0.0415706

0.1315162

N = 156

 Between

0.0209583

0.0426848

0.1208313

n = 26

 Within

0.0023659

0.0687933

0.0906279

T = 6

Percentage of employees in retail

 Overall

0.1241686

0.0215848

0.079553

0.1975734

N = 156

 Between

0.0216579

0.0843819

0.1912512

n = 26

 Within

0.0034595

0.1141999

0.1360938

T = 6

Percentage of employees in financial services and insurance

 Overall

0.0386532

0.0193645

0.0207549

0.0985102

N = 156

 Between

0.0196428

0.0214944

0.0940751

n = 26

 Within

0.0012616

0.03502

0.0430883

T = 6

Percentage of employees in public administration and education

 Overall

0.0972419

0.0154127

0.0667508

0.1341347

N = 156

 Between

0.0154025

0.071969

0.1313856

n = 26

 Within

0.0028225

0.0857241

0.1070654

T = 6

Percentage of employees in Health

 Overall

0.1258239

0.0256674

0.0688394

0.2116868

N = 156

 Between

0.0256936

0.0733402

0.2050814

n = 26

 Within

0.0044667

0.1126382

0.1368301

T = 6