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Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 5 Descriptives and expectations questionnaire responses for students who were after one year successful or had dropped out

From: Content expectations and dropout in Dutch vocational education

 

Successful students (N = 127)

Dropout (N = 75)

Effect size

Bayesian 2-sided T-test

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Cohen’s d

BF+0

error %

Prevocational GPA

6.5

0.5

6.3

0.3

0.56

7.460

 ~ 2.364e−5

Age

16.7

1.5

17.4

1.6

0.43

0.040

 ~ 0.026

Gender

0.2

0.4

0.1

0.3

0.16

0.447

 ~ 1.959e−5

Expected GPA

7.0

0.8

7.1

0.6

0.05

0.126

 ~ 0.026

Hours preparation

3.9

1.1

3.7

1.1

0.15

0.418

 ~ 1.878e−5

Hours sport

4.9

0.9

4.6

0.9

0.33

3.268

 ~ 1.113e−4

Hours theory

4.7

1.0

4.7

0.9

0.01

0.148

 ~ 2.033e−6

Overall effort realism

0.8

0.1

0.9

0.1

0.18

0.076

 ~ 0.010

Effort expected

 Realism

7.7

10.8

5.4

9.3

0.44

0.888

 ~ 4.718e−5

 Raw scores

36.7

10.8

34.4

9.3

0.44

  

Teaching

 Realism

− 1.1

0.7

− 1.3

0.7

0.27

0.057

 ~ 0.008

 Raw scores

3.3

1.2

3.2

1.4

0.08

0.259

 ~ 1.516e−5

Sports

 Realism

− 0.8

0.6

− 0.9

0.6

0.08

0.107

 ~ 0.110

 Raw scores

3.2

0.9

3.0

1.0

0.20

0.725

 ~ 6.294e−5

Less theory

 Realism

− 1.3

0.6

− 1.4

0.7

0.18

0.074

 ~ 0.005

 Raw scores

2.1

1.4

2.3

1.6

0.16

0.079

 ~ 0.025

Work together

 Realism

− 1.2

0.7

− 1.2

0.6

0.0

0.161

 ~ 5.470e−6

 Raw scores

3.7

1.4

3.6

1.3

0.1

0.292

 ~ 7.898e−6

Perseverance

 Realism

− 1.1

1.0

− 1.0

0.8

0.08

0.224

 ~ 1.754e−5

 Raw scores

4.1

1.4

4.2

1.3

0.12

0.095

 ~ 0.102

Discipline

 Realism

− 1.0

0.9

− 1.0

0.8

0.03

0.138

 ~ 0.016

 Raw scores

4.1

1.3

4.2

1.3

0.05

0.126

 ~ 0.028

Sociability

 Realism

− 1.0

0.9

− 1.1

0.8

0.1

0.101

 ~ 0.114

 Raw scores

4.0

1.3

4.1

1.3

0.14

0.086

 ~ 0.059

Front of class

 Realism

− 1.0

1.0

− 1.0

0.9

0.01

0.153

 ~ 3.260e−6

 Raw scores

3.9

1.3

3.9

1.2

0.04

0.196

 ~ 1.583e−5

Work together

 Realism

− 1.1

0.8

− 1.1

0.7

0.12

0.327

 ~ 9.635e−7

 Raw scores

4.0

1.4

4.0

1.3

0.01

0.148

 ~ 2.016e−6

Content realism score

9.6

5.1

9.9

4.5

0.0

0.114

 ~ 0.082

  1. Outcomes are shown of Bayesian t-test for differences between successful and dropout students and Cohen’s d is show for effect size. Substantial evidence (BF > 3 or BF < 1/3) is shown in italic font style, the bold font style represents strong evidence for either the alternative hypothesis (BF > 10) or the null hypothesis (BF < .1)
  2. For all tests, the alternative hypothesis specifies that group 0 (non-dropout) is greater than group 1 (dropout). Since larger values (further away from teacher means) indicate less realism, we added a minus sign to the realism scores so that they can be interpreted in the same direction as effort realism scores (i.e., higher values as more realism). All expectations scores are on a scale from one to five, one means completely disagree/ don’t need at all and five means completely agree/need a lot. Successful students prevocational GPA: N = 81, Age and Gender: N = 130; Dropped out students prevocational GPA: N = 36, Age and Gender: N = 78
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