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Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 6 Grades and responses to the expectations questionnaire after one year or at the moment of dropping out

From: Content expectations and dropout in Dutch vocational education

 

Successful students (N = 84)

Dropout (N = 30)

Effect size

Bayesian 2-sided ANOVA

Bayesian ANCOVA, including correction for attrition

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Cohen’s d

BF+0

error %

BF+0

error %

Grade quarter 1

6.7

1.0

4.9

1.7

1.78

1.42e + 14

7.72e−17

1.80e + 12

 ~ 0.981

Grade quarter 2

6.8

0.9

4.8

1.6

1.6

1.50e + 19

4.80e−22

5.50e + 16

 ~ 1.058

Grade quarter 3

6.7

0.8

4.3

1.6

2

1.13 + 26

1.92e−31

3.65e + 23

 ~ 1.209

Average GPA

6.7

0.8

3.8

1.3

2.8

7.21e + 38

1.48e−40

3.14e + 34

 ~ 2.297

Expected GPA

6.9

0.7

6.8

1.0

0.12

0.264

 ~ 0.033

0.179

 ~ 1.078

Hours preparation

2.5

0.8

2.5

0.8

0.0

0.223

 ~ 0.003

0.200

 ~ 1.086

Hours sport

4.7

1.0

4.8

1.0

0.1

0.299

 ~ 0.033

0.270

 ~ 1.051

Hours theory

4.3

0.9

4.5

0.8

0.24

0.231

 ~ 0.032

0.205

 ~ 1.076

Overall effort realism

0.8

0.1

0.8

0.1

0.0

0.226

 ~ 0.031

0.194

 ~ 1.085

Effort expected

 Realism

− 2.0

8.8

− 1.0

7.2

0.13

0.258

 ~ 0.033

0.230

 ~ 1.081

 Raw scores

27.0

8.8

28.0

7.2

0.13

    

Teaching

 Realism

− 0.9

0.6

− 1.1

0.8

0.29

0.548

 ~ 2.08e−4

0.274

 ~ 0.931

 Raw scores

3.3

1.0

3.0

1.3

0.26

0.618

 ~ 1.94e−4

0.379

 ~ 0.952

Sports

 Realism

− 0.7

0.5

− 0.6

0.5

0.20

0.283

 ~ 0.033

0.267

 ~ 1.065

 Raw scores

3.0

0.8

3.0

0.9

0.0

0.223

 ~ 0.031

0.191

 ~ 1.049

Less theory

 Realism

− 1.1

0.6

− 1.3

0.6

0.33

0.420

 ~ 2.44e−4

0.600

 ~ 0.855

 Raw scores

2.1

1.2

2.4

1.5

0.22

0.308

 ~ 0.032

0.272

 ~ 1.016

Work together

 Realism

− 0.9

0.6

− 1.0

0.7

0.15

0.380

 ~ 0.032

0.385

 ~ 1.034

 Raw scores

3.6

1.1

3.4

1.2

0.17

0.297

 ~ 0.033

0.215

 ~ 1.026

Perseverance

 Realism

− 0.9

0.7

− 0.9

0.9

0.0

0.225

 ~ 0.031

0.194

 ~ 1.045

 Raw scores

4.1

1.1

3.9

1.2

0.17

0.253

 ~ 0.033

0.196

 ~ 1.060

Discipline

 Realism

− 0.8

0.6

− 0.8

0.9

0.0

0.235

 ~ 0.032

0.193

 ~ 1.040

 Raw scores

4.1

1.0

3.7

1.1

0.38

0.588

 ~ 1.99e−4

0.357

 ~ 0.958

Sociability

 Realism

− 0.8

0.7

− 0.9

0.8

0.13

0.255

 ~ 0.033

0.230

 ~ 1.092

 Raw scores

4.0

1.1

3.9

1.2

0.09

0.250

 ~ 0.033

0.222

 ~ 1.072

Front of class

 Realism

− 0.8

0.6

− 1.0

0.9

0.27

0.437

 ~ 2.38e−4

0.248

 ~ 0.955

 Raw scores

4.2

1.0

4.1

1.2

0.09

0.280

 ~ 0.033

0.196

 ~ 1.015

Work together

 Realism

− 0.9

0.6

− 0.9

0.8

0.0

0.223

 ~ 0.031

0.175

 ~ 0.995

 Raw scores

3.8

1.1

3.9

1.2

0.09

0.224

 ~ 0.031

0.197

 ~ 1.094

Content realism score

4.3

2.2

4.6

2.8

0.13

0.258

 ~ 0.033

0.509

 ~ 2.173e−4

  1. Shown are descriptives and Bayesian ANOVA and ANCOVA testing for differences between successful and dropout students. In the ANCOVA, to correct for attrition the likelihood of attrition was added as covariate. Substantial evidence (BF > 3 or BF < 1/3) is shown in italic font style, the bold font style represents strong evidence for either the alternative hypothesis (BF > 10) or the null hypothesis (BF < .1)
  2. For all tests, the alternative hypothesis specifies that the two groups differ
  3. All expectations scores are on a scale from one to five, one means completely disagree/ don’t need at all and five means completely agree/need a lot. The grades were available for more students: All grades: N = 127; Grades quarter 1: N = 71, Grades quarter 2: N = 64, Grades quarter 3: N = 60, Average GPA: N = 53
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