Table 1 Descriptive statistics before matching
Variables | Foremen N = 2213 | Academics N = 17,062 | t test | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
“Decision phase” | ||||
Age at the start of apprenticeship | 18.64 (3.38) | 19.38 (2.66) | 11.90 | In years |
Age at the end of apprenticeship | 21.22 (3.19) | 21.97 (2.40) | 9.34 | In years |
Schooling background | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.32 (0.47) | 27.59 | Dummy variable for A-level at the end of apprenticeship training |
Daily wage at the end of apprenticeship | 3.18 (0.48) | 3.26 (0.47) | 7.13 | Daily log wage at the end of apprenticeship |
Number of apprentices | 103.42 (340.40) | 115.51 (368.15) | 1.47 | Number of apprentices within the training establishment at the end of apprenticeship training (foremen median = 3 academics median = 4) |
Retention rate | 3 categories: how many apprentices stay in the training establishment after they finish apprenticeship training | |||
Less than 40% 40–60% More than 60% | 0.40 0.03 0.57 | 0.46 0.05 0.49 | ||
Average income level in training establishment | 4.26 (0.32) | 4.41 (0.32) | 20.56 | Average daily log wage for all full-time employees in the training establishment |
Sector of training establishment | 24 categories based on the 3 digit classification of economic activities of the training establishment | |||
Size of training establishment | 3 categories of employee numbers | |||
Less than 250 employees 250–1000 employees More than 1000 employees | 0.66 0.18 0.16 | 0.49 0.26 0.25 | ||
Location of training establishment | 0.75 | 0.85 | Dummy variable for Western/Eastern Germany built from dummy variables for federal states | |
Length of apprenticeship | 2.14 (0.77) | 1.97 (0.73) | 12.09 | Time in years between apprenticeship start and apprenticeship end |
Occupation of apprenticeship | 2 digit level occupations (99 occupation dummies) | |||
“Education phase” | ||||
Full-time work experience | 0.71 | 0.29 | Share of time between apprenticeship and start as foreman or academic | |
Part-time work experience | 0.07 | 0.18 | Share of time between apprenticeship and start as foreman or academic | |
Unemployment period | 0.09 | 0.04 | Share of time between apprenticeship and start as foreman or academic | |
Time outside of labour market | 0.13 | 0.49 | Share of time between apprenticeship and start as foreman or academic | |
Time between apprenticeship and start as foremen/academic | 2367.84 (1355.71) | 2633.58 (943.17) | 1.77 | Time in days between apprenticeship and first employment as academic or foreman |
“Return phase” | ||||
Occupation | 2 and 3 digit level occupations | |||
Age at first employment as academic or foremen | 27.91 (4.49) | 29.12 (3.21) | 15.78 | In years |
Location of entry establishment | 0.79 | 0.87 | Dummy variable for western/eastern Germany built from dummy variables for federal states | |
Tenure | 2.60 (3.81) | 0.78 (1.42) | 43.45 | In years if Academic/foreman has been working in the entry establishment before the start as academic/foreman |
Average income level of entry establishment | 4.31 (0.36) | 4.63 (0.37) | 38.21 | Log average daily wage for all full-time employees in the entry establishment |
Same establishment as during apprenticeship | 0.17 | 0.03 | Dummy variable: 1 if the first employment as academic/foreman is in the same establishment as the apprenticeship, 0 otherwise | |
Same establishment as first employment after apprenticeship | 0.20 | 0.05 | Dummy variable: 1 if the first employment as academic/foreman is in the same establishment as the first employment after the apprenticeship, 0 otherwise | |
Size of entry establishment | 3 categories of employee numbers | |||
Less than 250 employees 250–1000 employees More than 1000 employees | 0.75 0.13 0.12 | 0.47 0.25 0.28 | ||
Entry wage | 4.35 (0.47) | 4.31 (0.72) | 1.03 | Log daily wage at employment start as foreman/academic |
Economic sector | 24 categories based on the 3 digit classification of economic activities of the training establishment | |||