How do apprentices moderate the influence of organizational innovation on the technological innovation process?

Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of firms (n = 1,240) included in the analysis

	Mean	Std. dev	Min	Max
Outcomes
Product innovation	0.430	0.495	0	1
Process innovation	0.316	0.465	0	1
Patent applications	0.122	0.327	0	1
Sales of improved products (in % of…)	6.670	14.249	0	100
Sales of new products (in % of…)	5.587	12.277	0	100
Explanatory variables
Training firm	0.710	0.454	0	1
Innovation in the firm’s business processes	0.343	0.475	0	1
Innovation in the firm’s organization of work	0.335	0.472	0	1
Innovation in the firm’s external relations	0.220	0.415	0	1
Controls
Firm size	208.407	956.200	3	28,666
Workforce educational background (in %)
Employees with university degree	7.963	13.965	0	100
Employees with PET degree	18.127	16.097	0	100
Employees with VET degree	51.140	24.026	0	100
Employees with other degree	23.158	23.521	0	100
Competition intensity (in %)
Up to 5 competitors	0.288	0.453	0	1
6–10 competitors	0.301	0.459	0	1
11–15 competitors	0.105	0.306	0	1
16–50 competitors	0.143	0.350	0	1
More than 50 competitors	0.151	0.358	0	1
Price and non-price competition
Price competition	3.969	1.010	1	5
Non-price competition	3.018	0.939	1	5
Export
Export orientation	0.518	0.500	0	1
Demand
Past demand	2.929	1.067	1	5
Expected demand	3.031	0.836	1	5
Technological potential
Technological potential of industry	2.677	1.143	1	5
Sectors (in %)
Manufacturing	0.497	0.500	0	1
Construction	0.092	0.289	0	1
Services	0.411	0.492	0	1
Regions (in %)
Lake Geneva region	0.110	0.314	0	1
Espace Mittelland	0.215	0.411	0	1
Northwestern Switzerland	0.131	0.337	0	1
Zurich	0.195	0.396	0	1
Eastern Switzerland	0.193	0.395	0	1
Central Switzerland	0.097	0.296	0	1
Ticino	0.060	0.237	0	1