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Table 4 Comparison of estimation sample with full sample

From: How do apprentices moderate the influence of organizational innovation on the technological innovation process?

 

Full sample, mean, (n = 2034)

Sample in analysis, mean, (n = 1240)

Mean difference

Outcomes

   

 Product innovation

0.441

0.431

0.010

 Process innovation

0.310

0.316

− 0.006

 Patent applications

0.160

0.122

0.038***

 Sales of improved products (in % of…)

6.501

6.670

− 0.169

 Sales of new products (in % of…)

5.715

5.587

0.128

Explanatory variables

   

 Training firm

0.710

0.710

0.001

 Innovation in the firm’s business processes

0.344

0.343

0.001

 Innovation in the firm’s organization of work

0.345

0.335

0.011

 Innovation in the firm’s external relations

0.227

0.220

0.007

Controls

   

 Firm size

224.534

208.407

16.127

Workforce educational background (in %)

  

 Employees with university degree

7.824

7.963

− 0.139

 Employees with PET degree

17.686

18.127

− 0.441

 Employees. with VET degree

51.498

51.141

0.357

 Employees. with other degree

23.341

23.158

0.183

Competition intensity (in %)

   

 Up to 5 competitors

0.270

0.288

− 0.018

 6–10 competitors

0.285

0.301

− 0.016

 11–15 competitors

0.105

0.105

0.000

 16–50 competitors

0.125

0.143

− 0.018

 More than 50 competitors

0.146

0.151

− 0.005

Price and non-price competition

   

 Price competition

3.922

3.969

− 0.047

 Non-price competition

3.031

3.018

0.013

 Export

   

 Export orientation

0.498

0.518

− 0.020

Demand

   

 Past demand

2.924

2.929

− 0.005

 Expected demand

3.028

3.031

− 0.003

Technological potential

   

 Technological potential of industry

2.672

2.677

− 0.005

Sectors (in %)

   

 Manufacturing

0.479

0.497

− 0.018

 Construction

0.082

0.092

− 0.010

 Services

0.440

0.411

0.028

Regions (in %)

   

 Lake Geneva region

0.119

0.110

0.008

 Espace Mittelland

0.210

0.215

− 0.004

 Northwestern Switzerland

0.125

0.131

− 0.005

 Zurich

0.200

0.195

0.004

 Eastern Switzerland

0.184

0.193

− 0.008

 Central Switzerland

0.096

0.097

− 0.000

 Ticino

0.065

0.060

0.005

  1. Full sample has missing values in the listed variables