The value of apprentices in the care sector: the effect of apprenticeship costs on the mobility of graduates from apprenticeship training

Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 6 The balance of the treatment: The probability of being in the treatment group for the pre-reform periods by characteristics of graduates, care facilities, and regions

	Coeff.	SE
(a) Individual characteristics
Age	\(0.015^{**}\)	(0.006)
Female	0.012	(0.011)
University entrance qualification	-0.019	(0.036)
German citizenship	\(-0.298^*\)	(0.155)
Duration of apprenticeship (in days)*100	0.004	(0.008)
(b) Characteristics of care facilities
Number of employees*10	− 0.001	(0.001)
Share of full-time employees	− 0.001	(0.001)
Ambulatory nursing service	− 0.020	(0.017)
Gross median daily pay rate of full-time employees	− 0.001	(0.001)
(c) Regional variables of counties
Number of school graduates*1000	0.005	(0.015)
First lag	− 0.014	(0.012)
Second lag	0.026	(0.017)
Number of care-dependent persons per	− 0.0003	(0.0004)
1000 inhabitants above the age of 64
Number of nurses per 100 care-dependent	\(0.002^{**}\)	(0.001)
Persons in inpatient facilities
Number of slots in inpatient facilities per	− 0.003	(0.002)
1000 inhabitants above the age of 64
Unemployment rate	− 0.008	(0.006)
Time dummies	Yes
Observations	1144
Number of individuals	448

Stars denote significance of coefficients: \(^*p<10\%\), \(^{**}p<5\%\), \(^{***}p<1\%\); standard errors clustered at the level of federal states are in parentheses.
This table uses pooled OLS and regresses a binary treatment variable on explaining variables for the pre-reform periods. It should be noted that the dependent variable equals one if the graduate resides in one federal state that has not already but will later introduce the levy scheme. The treatment indicator thus equals zero if the graduate resides in one federal state that will never introduce the levy scheme. The table controls for variables summarized in Table 1 and additional regional variables.
Source: Sample of Integrated Labour Market Biographies 1975 -2017 (SIAB 7517v1); Regional Database of the Federal Statistical Office and the Federal Employment Agency