Table 3 Overview of eye-tracking setup, calculated measures, analysis techniques, and other collected measures

Abele et al. 2017

Remote (TobiiX120, 60 Hz)

Total fixation duration (relevant AOIs)

Mann–Whitney-U

None

Cloude et al. 2020

Remote (SMI EYERED 250, 30 Hz)

Proportion of total fixation time

Transformation to normal distribution, stepwise simple and multiple linear regression models by using AIC for selection

Log-file of mouse and keyboard data (event and time-based interaction)

Dubovi 2022

Remote (Smart Eye Aurora, 60 Hz)

Time spent (relevant AOIs), time to first fixation, fixation counts, fixation dwells, saccade counts, blink rate

ANOVA, linear mixed effects model, prediction (two-phase approach): bivariate correlation with subsequent regression analysis

Facial expression recognition (Affdex), Self-report on affective state (PANAS), EDA (Shimmer 3),

Emerson et al. 2020

Remote (SMI RED 250, 120 Hz)

Proportion of total fixation duration

ANOVA (feature selection), logistic regression (prediction)

Log file data (gameplay behaviour), facial expression recognition (FACET), self-reported Interest-Enjoyment (subscale of Intrinsic Motivation Inventory)

Gomes et al. 2013

Not specified

Number and duration per level on gaze points or fixations, direction of saccadic movement, type of pattern per trigram

k-means clustering

Log-file data (mouse clicks, time per level)

Kang and Landry 2014

Remote (Tobii X60)

Scan path

Scan path analysis according to simple orthogonal shapes

None

Lee et al. 2019

Remote (SMI RED, 250 Hz)

Proportions of dwell time, fixation count, fixation duration, average fixation duration, fixation frequency, transition rate

MANOVA, t-tests, Mann–Whitney U

Log file data (Intervention completion score), mental workload (NASA-TLX), systematicity (Hidden Markov model; HMM)

Lee et al. 2020

Remote (SMI RED, 250 Hz)

Pupil diameter, raw gaze points

Linear mixed effects model

Log file data (timestamps for in-game events such as pausing simulation), perceived mental effort

Sohn et al. 2005

Head-mounted (ISCAN ETL-500)

Fixation time

F-test, power law fitting

None

Taub et al. 2017

Remote (SMI EYERED 250, 30 Hz)

Proportion of fixation duration

Multi-level modelling

Log file data (number of books read and reads per book, assessment submission attempts)

Tsai et al. 2016

Remote (faceLAB 4.6, 60 Hz)

Percentage of time spent viewing (PTS), fixation duration (PFD), fixation count (PCD)

Mann–Whitney U, correlations, heatmaps, lag sequential analysis, heat map analysis per group

Self-reported flow experience

(van Gog et al. 2005a)

Remote (SMI, 50 Hz)

Fixation duration, number of fixations

Mann–Whitney U, Friedman test and Nemenyi post-hoc analysis, qualitative matching of verbal and gaze data

Think-aloud (concurrent)