Analysing domain-specific problem-solving processes within authentic computer-based learning and training environments by using eye-tracking: a scoping review

Mayer, Christian W.; Rausch, Andreas; Seifried, Jürgen

doi:10.1186/s40461-023-00140-2

Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 4 Descriptive overview of included studies

From: Analysing domain-specific problem-solving processes within authentic computer-based learning and training environments by using eye-tracking: a scoping review

References	Domain	Sample	Task(s)	Performance measures
Abele et al. 2017	Engineering	15 apprentices in automotive mechatronics engineering from vocational education schools in Germany	Troubleshooting two scenarios in a computer-based motor vehicle simulation	Manual scoring (number of valid errors scored)
Cloude et al. 2020	Microbiology	68 students from three universities in the USA	Gathering evidence, testing hypotheses (scientific thinking) to solve a mysterious disease outbreak in Crystal Island, an open-world 3D serious game	Pretest–Posttest
Dubovi 2022	Healthcare	61 nursing students from a university in Israel	Collecting clinical data in a virtual hospital and conducting basic medication procedures to solve the complex problem of identifying the correct medication	Pretest–Posttest
Emerson et al. 2020	Microbiology	61 students from three universities in the USA	Gathering evidence, testing hypotheses (scientific thinking) to solve a mysterious disease outbreak in Crystal Island, an open-world 3D serious game	Pretest–Posttest
Gomes et al. 2013	Engineering	7 high school students from the USA	Solving engineering problems in three short games	Automated Scoring (solve as many levels as possible in a limited time)
Kang and Landry 2014	Air Traffic Control	60 undergraduate and graduate engineering students (n = 20 for treatment group) from the USA	Solving possible air traffic conflicts by detecting a loss of separation among multiple aircraft and multiple types of conflicts after training by following an expert scan path	Manual Scoring (number of correct detection/false alarms)
Lee et al. 2019	Medicine	24 professionals and 22 medical students (n = 46) from the Netherlands	Stabilising a virtual patient by applying the ABCDE method within a maximum of 15 min in an authentic computer-based medical simulation game	Automated Scoring (Intervention completion score by extracting data from log files)
Lee et al. 2020	Medicine	70 medical students from the Netherlands	Stabilising a virtual patient within a maximum of 15 min in an authentic computer-based medical simulation game	Automated Scoring (log files)
Sohn et al. 2005	Military	12 students and staff from the USA	Learning subtasks (identification and control of information search) of tactical decision-making in an anti-air-warfare simulation	Manual Scoring (Immediate feedback on timing and accuracy)
Taub et al. 2017	Microbiology	50 non-biology students from the USA	Gathering evidence, testing hypotheses (scientific thinking) to solve a mysterious disease outbreak in Crystal Island, an open-world 3D serious game	Automated Scoring (log files, in-game assessments as self-regulated judgments of learning)
Tsai et al. 2016	Electrophysics	22 university students from Taiwan	Solving a problem-based learning task embedded in a game-based scenario by gathering information and applying knowledge about electromagnets to escape from a lab at the end	Pretest–Posttest
(van Gog et al. 2005a)	Electronics	10 students from the Netherlands	Troubleshooting malfunctions in electrical circuits in a simulation	Manual Scoring (on-task solution aspects)

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