Table 3 Gaps in achievement, rational choice, social influence, and social origin between natives and second-generation migrants and between natives and first-generation migrants (Cohen’s d and Cohen’s h)
Second-generation migrants | First-generation migrants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Diff.1 | Cohen’s d or h | Diff.1 | Cohen’s d or h | |
Prior achievement | ||||
School-leaving certificate2 | ||||
No or lower-secondary certificate | 4.5*** | 0.1 | 9.7*** | 0.2 |
Extended lower-secondary certificate | 5.0*** | 0.1 | 9.9*** | 0.3 |
Intermediate-secondary certificate | − 9.5*** | − 0.2 | − 19.6*** | − 0.4 |
GPA on school-leaving certificate (1 = very good → 6 = insufficient) | 0.1*** | 0.2 | 0.2*** | 0.3 |
Language abilities and skills: Receptive vocabulary | − 6.8*** | − 0.7 | − 9.0*** | − 1.0 |
Rational choice | ||||
Educational motivation: university entrance qualification (B + c * UM) | 0.3*** | 0.2 | 0.3*** | 0.2 |
Investment risk: university entrance qualification (C/p) | − 0.1** | − 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Social influence | ||||
Parental educational expectations as perceived by adolescents (university)2 | 20.2*** | 0.5 | 22.6*** | 0.6 |
Share of friends with aspirations for university entrance qualification | 0.1* | 0.1 | − 0.1 | − 0.1 |
Social origin | ||||
Parents’ highest socioeconomic status (ISEI) | − 8.9*** | − 0.5 | − 12.1*** | − 0.7 |
Parents’ highest education (CASMIN)2 | ||||
Low | 22.5*** | 0.7 | 30.6*** | 0.9 |
Intermediate | 17.1*** | − 0.4 | 25.1*** | − 0.6 |
High | − 5.4*** | − 0.2 | − 5.4*** | − 0.2 |