Table 2 OLS estimation of CTV spending
Dep. variable: log(CVT exp. (€)/worker) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Turnover 1 | −0.004 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.001 | −0.001 | 0.003 |
(In %) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.006) |
Turnover 2 | −0.007 | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.0003 | −0.0003 | −0.0003 |
(In %) | (0.020) | (0.014) | (0.015) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.014) |
Specifity of CVT | −0.008 | −0.035 | −0.057 | −0.087 | −0.118 | −0.090 |
(0 = rather general, 1 = rather specific) | (0.166) | (0.154) | (0.146) | (0.134) | (0.162) | (0.134) |
TO1 X CVT specificity | 0.005 | |||||
(Interaction term) | (0.015) | |||||
Collective labor agreement | −0.270* | −0.335** | −0.332** | −0.337** | ||
(0 = no, 1 = yes) | (0.142) | (0.133) | (0.132) | (0.132) | ||
Worker representation | 0.251 | 0.109 | 0.106 | 0.109 | ||
(0 = no, 1 = yes) | (0.155) | (0.164) | (0.163) | (0.163) | ||
Innovativeness | 0.324*** | 0.266** | 0.268** | 0.267** | ||
(0 = low, 1 = high) | (0.120) | (0.115) | (0.115) | (0.115) | ||
R + D activities | 0.074 | 0.045 | 0.044 | 0.039 | ||
(0 = no, 1 = yes) | (0.139) | (0.138) | (0.139) | (0.140) | ||
Demands on workers | −0.136 | −0.066 | −0.065 | −0.073 | ||
(−1 = increasing, 0 = stable, 1 = decreasing) | (0.158) | (0.153) | (0.154) | (0.153) | ||
Qualification structure | −0.142 | −0.098 | −0.102 | −0.100 | ||
(1 = employment of workers w/o degree, 0) | (0.138) | (0.126) | (0.124) | (0.125) | ||
Wages | 0.511*** | 0.510*** | 0.505*** | |||
(logged) | (0.148) | (0.148) | (0.148) | |||
CVT professionalism | 0.364*** | 0.365*** | 0.369*** | |||
(0 = low, 1 = high) | (0.111) | (0.111) | (0.112) | |||
Training funds receipts | 0.298 | 0.292 | 0.304 | |||
(0 = no, 1 = yes) | (0.205) | (0.207) | (0.206) | |||
Payback clauses | 0.448*** | 0.448*** | 0.518*** | |||
(0 = no, 1 = yes) | (0.123) | (0.123) | (0.144) | |||
TO1 X payback clauses | −0.011 | |||||
(Interaction term) | (0.011) | |||||
CVT agreements | 0.095 | 0.097 | 0.0946 | |||
(0 = no, 1 = yes) | (1.177) | (1.177) | (0.176) | |||
Recognition of externalities | 0.165 | 0.165 | 0.162 | |||
(Self-reported; 0 = no, 1 = yes) | (0.174) | (0.174) | (0.146) | |||
Sensitivity to risk of turnover | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.009 | |||
(Self-reported; 0 = no, 1 = yes) | (0.147) | (0.148) | (0.146) | |||
Industrial agglomeration | −0.071 | −0.064 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |
(0 = no, 1 = yes) | (0.126) | (0.129) | (0.129) | (0.129) | (0.129) | |
Metropolitan distance | −0.116 | 0.114 | −0.125 | −0.124 | −0.122 | |
(0 = up to 50 km, 1 = more than 50 km) | (0.132) | (0.133) | (0.129) | (0.131) | (0.131) | |
Firm size (ref. 5–9 Besch.) | ||||||
10-49 employees | −0.318** | −0.371*** | −0.442*** | −0.440*** | −0.440*** | |
(0.134) | (0.135) | (0.132) | (0.133) | (0.132) | ||
50-249 employees | −0.643*** | −0.714*** | −1.014*** | −1.009*** | −1.002*** | |
(0.145) | (0.170) | (0.176) | (0.175) | (0.176) | ||
250 or more employees | −0.539*** | −0.675*** | −1.081*** | −1.081*** | −1.078*** | |
(0.159) | (0.209) | (0.219) | (0.219) | (0.218) | ||
Industry controls | NO | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Region controls | NO | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Constant | 5.354*** | 5.669*** | 5.810*** | 0.593 | 0.612 | 0.588 |
(0.085) | (0.787) | (0.794) | (1.633) | (1.626) | (1.629) | |
N | 974 | 974 | 972 | 962 | 962 | 962 |
Pseudo-R2 | 0.004 | 0.166 | 0.201 | 0.289 | 0.290 | 0.291 |