Psychological determinants of test motivation in low-stakes test situations: A longitudinal study of singletrait–multistate models in accounting

Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 4 Model fit and parameter estimates of the bivariate LST-AR-“butterfly” models

#	Model	n	Par	χ²	df	χ²/df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	SRMR	β_{_t} (VALUE)	p	β_{_s11} (VALUE)	p	β_{_s12} (VALUE)	p
1	INTRI	632	68	822.79	337	2.44	0.917	0.913	0.048	0.127	0.549	0.001	0.101	0.263	0.238	0.000
2	IDENT	632	59	630.25	265	2.38	0.906	0.902	0.047	0.137	0.387	0.057	0.099	0.365	0.248	0.140
3	INTRO	632	59	602.72	265	2.27	0.874	0.868	0.045	0.119	0.499	0.004	0.264	0.023	0.275	0.009
4	EXTRI	632	59	548.76	265	2.07	0.866	0.861	0.041	0.116	− 0.039	0.764	0.091	0.491	− 0.131	0.464
5	ACMOT	796	58	616.24	266	2.32	0.869	0.864	0.041	0.127	0.300	0.123	0.347	0.001	NA	NA
6	ASELF	796	88	1478.13	506	2.92	0.823	0.815	0.049	0.279	0.167	0.151	0.045	0.670	NA	NA
7	GRITG _t	506	52	414.82	137	3.03	0.825	0.804	0.063	0.109	0.618	0.000	–	–	–	–
8	GRITP _t	506	55	325.72	134	2.43	0.888	0.872	0.053	0.110	0.634	0.000	–	–	–	–
9	GRITG _s	506	50	412.28	139	2.97	0.827	0.810	0.062	0.108	–	–	0.243	0.200	0.381	0.070
10	GRITP_s	506	53	324.87	136	2.39	0.890	0.876	0.052	0.111	–	–	− 0.293	0.229	− 0.223	0.543

#	Model	n	Par	χ²	df	χ²/df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	SRMR	β_{_t} (EFFOR)	p	β_{_s11} (EFFOR)	p	β_{_s12} (EFFOR)	p
11	INTRI	632	87	1096.25	507	2.16	0.920	0.917	0.043	0.121	0.552	0.001	− 0.004	0.970	− 0.058	0.538
12	IDENT	632	78	855.87	417	2.05	0.918	0.914	0.041	0.128	0.603	0.008	0.007	0.955	0.101	0.564
13	INTRO	632	78	763.54	417	1.83	0.906	0.902	0.036	0.117	0.403	0.001	0.287	0.005	0.094	0.473
14	EXTRI	632	78	758.878	417	1.82	0.898	0.894	0.036	0.114	− 0.079	0.596	0.181	0.192	0.027	0.896
15	ACMOT	796	77	844.88	418	2.02	0.894	0.890	0.036	0.122	0.338	0.074	0.269	0.003	NA	NA
16	ASELF	796	107	1747.64	712	2.45	0.846	0.840	0.043	0.242	− 0.046	0.784	0.098	0.364	NA	NA
17	GRITG _t	506	70	551.65	254	2.17	0.895	0.886	0.048	0.106	− 0.497	0.011	–	–	–	–
18	GRITP _t	506	74	411.22	250	1.64	0.944	0.938	0.036	0.102	0.813	0.000	–	–	–	–
19	GRITG_s	506	68	563.41	256	2.20	0.892	0.884	0.049	0.119	–	–	0.017	0.849	− 0.156	0.354
20	GRITP_s	506	71	427.58	253	1.69	0.940	0.934	0.037	0.117	–	–	0.092	0.167	0.137	0.297

Italic values indicate p value < 0.05
β_{_t}, association between traits; β_{_s11}, association between states at grade 11; β_{_s12}, association between states at grade 12. VALUE, Subjective test value; EFFOR, Effort; INTRI, Intrinsic regulation; IDENT, Identified regulation; INTRO, Introjected regulation; EXTRI, External regulation; ACMOT, Achievement motivation; ASELF, Academic self-concept; GRITG, Passion for long-term goals; GRITP, Perseverance; N, observations; #Par, number of parameters; χ², Chi square value; df, degrees of freedom; CFI, Comparative Fit Index; TLI, Tucker Lewis Index; RMSEA, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; SRMR, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual; NA, not applicable as the covariate was not measured at that time