Tertiary students’ perceptions of hospitality careers in Vietnam

Le, Anh Hai; Klieve, Helen; McDonald, Christine V.

doi:10.1186/s40461-018-0075-6

Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 5 Summary of survey responses to three dimensions, showing average agreement (from 1: strongly agree, to 5: strongly disagree) across seven dimensions by student group

From: Tertiary students’ perceptions of hospitality careers in Vietnam

#	Statements	Groups	n	Mean	SD	\(\varvec{\chi}_{4}^{2}\)	p	V
Pay/promotions opportunities
1	I think that the pay for most hospitality jobs not sufficient to lead a satisfactory life	VET	102	3.37	1.03	42.73	.000*	.41
		HE	147	2.57	.95
2	Considering the long hours and work load I find the pay low in the hospitality industry	VET	104	3.18	1.09	49.62	.000*	.45
		HE	148	2.27	.82
3	Promotion is based on merit	VET	100	1.94	.60	21.64	.000*	.29
		HE	149	2.30	.91
4	Promotion opportunities are satisfactory	VET	100	2.15	.77	34.09	.000*	.37
		HE	149	2.79	.83
5	The opportunity of getting promoted to managerial positions is limited	VET	100	3.16	1.08	41.29	.000*	.41
		HE	148	2.39	.84
6	Number of years worked in the industry is taken into consideration in promotion decisions	VET	89	3.10	1.15	31.10	.000*	.35
		HE	147	2.44	.89
7	It is very difficult to get promoted if you do not ‘have an uncle in the court’	VET	97	3.45	1.16	44.24	.000*	.43
		HE	149	2.62	.98
8	Promotions are not consistent	VET	97	3.53	1.00	47.10	.000*	.44
		HE	149	2.60	.94
Managers
1	Managers value to employees	VET	99	1.95	.63	23.05	.000*	.31
		HE	149	2.47	.91
2	Managers do not make an effort for the organisational commitment of employees	VET	99	3.92	.60	30.50	.000*	.35
		HE	147	3.37	.84
3	Managers delegate authority in order for employees to do their jobs better	VET	98	1.89	.61	22.35	.000*	.30
		HE	149	2.34	.80
4	Most managers do not have an educational background in hospitality	VET	101	4.03	.68	46.45	.000*	.43
		HE	147	2.63	.85
5	Managers value employees’ suggestions	VET	103	2.03	.75	33.60	.000*	.37
		HE	147	2.63	.85
6	Managers do not reward employees who are doing a good job	VET	100	3.61	.88	17.90	.001
	Managers do not reward employees who are doing a good job	HE	146	3.16	.89
7	Managers behave respectfully to employees	VET	103	1.84	.60	31.89	.000*	.36
		HE	147	2.40	.86
8	Managers make sure that employees participate in decisions affecting their job	VET	103	2.18	.82	9.62	.047
		HE	149	2.50	.90
9	There is no good relationship between managers and employees	VET	103	3.73	.82	18.23	.001
		HE	149	3.28	.84
10	Managers do not help solve employees’ personal problems	VET	100	3.58	1.01	37.74	.000*	.39
	Managers do not help solve employees’ personal problems	HE	147	3.05	.81
11	Managers do provide vocational training when necessary	VET	103	1.82	.70	23.70	.000*	31
	Managers do provide vocational training when necessary	HE	147	3.05	.81
12	Managers behave in a fair way to employees	VET	104	1.98	.67	28.78	.000*	.34
		HE	148	2.55	.88
13	Managers do not put great effort into making employees satisfied from their jobs	VET	102	3.86	.83	33.35	.000*	.37
		HE	145	3.21	.93
Commitment to the industry
1	The disadvantages of working in the hospitality industry outweigh the advantages	VET	104	3.75	.79	30.31	.000*	.35
		HE	149	3.07	.99
2	I am very happy to have chosen hospitality as a vocation path	VET	104	1.90	.66	29.05	.000*	.34
		HE	149	2.44	.87
3	I would not want my son or daughter to study hospitality and work in the hospitality industry	VET	102	3.51	1.06	12.46	.014
		HE	149	3.15	1.05
4	I would like to work in the hospitality industry after graduation	VET	104	3.63	1.29	24.55	.000*	.41
		HE	148	3.51	.94
5	I will definitely not work in the hospitality industry after graduation	VET	104	3.63	1.29	24.55	.000*	.31
		HE	148	3.51	.94
6	I recommend first year students choose a different career path than hospitality	VET	103	3.97	.89	8.73	.068
		HE	146	3.87	.91
7	It was a mistake to choose hospitality as a career path	VET	103	4.15	.73	8.08	.89
	It was a mistake to choose hospitality as a career path	HE	148	3.87	.91
8	I recommend a job in the hospitality industry to my friends and relatives because it is very nice to be part of this industry	VET	103	1.94	.76	40.97	.000*	.41
		HE	145	2.53	.79
9	I see my vocational (professional) future in the hospitality industry	VET	103	2.47	.99	44.51	.000*	.42
		HE	148	3.36	.94

* Due to Bonferroni correction of multiple testing, significance is tested against p < .001; Effect sizes (Cramer’s V) based on Cohen’s (1988) guidelines: between .20 and .40 “medium or typical”, between .40 and .60 “large or larger than typical”

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