Table 5 Measurement invariance for the subgroup educational background

Configural

χ² = 59.442, p = .124, df = 48, CFI = .96; RMSEA = .034, Pclose = .825

χ² = 39.888, p = .011, df = 22, CFI = .94; RMSEA = .063, Pclose = .226

χ² = 41.696, p = .001, df = 18, CFI = .87; RMSEA = .08, Pclose = .058

Metric

9

9.143

0.424

7

χ² = 68.585, p = .14, df = 57, CFI = .96; RMSEA = .032, Pclose = .881

χ² = 48.616, p = .013, df = 29, CFI = .94; RMSEA = .058, Pclose = .306

Partial metric

–

–

–

–

–

–

Scalar

18

21.665

0.247

14

χ² = 81.107, p = .1, df = 66, CFI = .95; RMSEA = .033, Pclose = .876

χ² = 72.947, p < .001, df = 36, CFI = .88; RMSEA = .071, Pclose = .071

Partial scalar

–

–

–

12

–

χ² = 58.594, p = .005, df = 34, CFI = .92; RMSEA = .06, Pclose = .253^a

Strict

27

45.706

0.014

19

χ² = 105.149, p = .012, df = 75, CFI = .90; RMSEA = .044, Pclose = .666

χ² = 83.865, p < .001, df = 41, CFI = .86; RMSEA = .072, Pclose = .054