The value of apprentices in the care sector: the effect of apprenticeship costs on the mobility of graduates from apprenticeship training

Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 3 Robustness checks

Stars denote significance of hazard ratios (HR) or average marginal effect (AME): \(^*p<10\%\), \(^{**}p<5\%\), \(^{***}p<1\%\); standard errors clustered at the level of federal states are in parentheses.
This table estimates Eq. (1) and presents the effect of the levy scheme on the probability of leaving the training facility (parameter \(\beta\)). Each estimation controls for covariates summarized in Table 1. Estimates are performed by the Cox hazard model and by logit regressions. Throughout Models 1–3, we restrict the sample to graduates that begun their apprenticeship training maximum two, three, or four years before or after the introduction of the levy scheme. In Model 4, it is assumed that each federal state in the treatment group introduced the levy scheme 2 years earlier than it was actual the case. In Model 5, we add interactions between a time trend and labor market specific pre-reform controls of graduates measured in the first year in which graduates were part of the sample. In Model 6, the introduction of the minimum wage is tackled and the estimation controls on a further variable Post2010, which equals one for years since 2010.
Source: Sample of Integrated Labour Market Biographies 1975-2017 (SIAB 7517v1); Regional Database of the Federal Statistical Office and the Federal Employment Agency