The costs of standardized apprenticeship curricula for training firms

Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training

Table 11 Heckman selection equation (complements table 5)

	D\(=\)firm trains
	Gross costs in Swiss Francs		Productive output in Swiss Francs		Net benefit in Swiss Francs
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Difficulties finding specialists	0.533*** (0.052)	0.500*** (0.059)	0.526*** (0.052)	0.492*** (0.059)	0.529***(0.052)	0.494*** (0.059)
Constant	0.156 (0.465)	\(-\)0.160 (0.469)	0.164 (0.470)	\(-\)0.121 (0.476)	0.188(0.471)	\(-\)0.129 (0.476)
App.-year pattern dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Occupation dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Firm size dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Industry dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Greater region dummies	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Additional firm characteristics	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Apprentice characteristics	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
Observations	6399	6399	6399	6399	6399	6399
Observations (censored)	2256	2256	2256	2256	2256	2256
Observations (uncensored)	4134	4134	4134	4134	4134	4134

\(^{\star \star \star }\), \(^{\star \star }\), and \(^{\star }\) denote statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively. Standard errors given in parentheses. Results are weighted with sampling weights. Gross costs and productive outputs are firm averages per apprentice and year. Heckman estimates reported. The dummy indicating whether a firm reports difficulties finding specialists on the labor market is excluded from the second step, i.e. the outcome equation. Occupation, industry and region dummies as shown in Table 9. Additional firm and apprentice characteristics are listed in Table 1