Table 5 Practical skills loss by program characteristic

Program duration

‒ 0.050***

(0.018)

‒ 0.050**

(0.020)

‒ 0.035

(0.024)

Program has trainer(s)

‒ 0.067

(0.125)

‒ 0.075

(0.138)

0.006

(0.166)

Program has a curriculum

0.190

(0.122)

0.192

(0.130)

0.272*

(0.151)

Program has accreditation

‒ 0.246***

(0.081)

‒ 0.194**

(0.088)

‒ 0.114

(0.103)

Program is paid

‒ 0.518***

(0.171)

‒ 0.171

(0.174)

‒ 0.280

(0.219)

Recognition: Company-specific credential

‒ 0.232***

(0.085)

‒ 0.103

(0.089)

‒ 0.106

(0.101)

Recognition: External credential

0.075

(0.099)

0.070

(0.100)

‒ 0.029

(0.115)

Recognition: Occupational license

‒ 0.007

(0.094)

0.002

(0.098)

0.008

(0.116)

Recognition: Postsecondary credit (towards degree)

0.125

(0.107)

0.004

(0.113)

0.066

(0.137)

Recognition: Postsecondary credit (no degree)

0.304**

(0.126)

0.101

(0.133)

0.066

(0.137)

Recognition: Other credit

0.270***

(0.099)

0.265***

(0.102)

0.228*

(0.119)

Type: On-the-job training

0.058

(0.120)

0.019

(0.142)

Type: Professional development

0.321**

(0.135)

0.241

(0.164)

Type: Internship

0.491***

(0.132)

0.402**

(0.158)

Program includes youth

‒ 0.083

(0.089)

‒ 0.031

(0.107)

Program gender/race different from firm

0.360***

(0.138)

0.346**

(0.166)

Covid: Stringency

0.191***

(0.032)

Covid: Impact to date

0.094

(0.058)

Covid: Expected future impact

0.188***

(0.065)

Firm-level controls

No

Yes

Yes

Constant

2.989***

(0.212)

2.664***

(0.274)

1.443***

(0.353)

Model

OLS

OLS

OLS

Observations

1,117

981

669

R²

0.051

0.156

0.276

Note: ∗p < 0.1; ∗∗p < 0.05; ∗∗∗p < 0.01

Apprenticeship is the reference category for training type.

Firm-level controls include sector (public/private/non-profit), industry (3 broad categories for manufacturing/construction/mining/utilities, health/education, and services), and firm size (small < 50, medium 50–250, large > 250).